Objective: MEMORY impairment is one of the most pervasive cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients. The aim of the current study was to conduct the most comprehensive assessment of how PROSPECTIVE MEMORY (PM) is affected in schizophrenia in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: In this study, 30 first-episode schizophrenic patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders based on the diagnostic interview were recruited from eight regional psychiatric clinics in Iran. All participants were males (age 27-42). Moreover, 28 healthy controls were recruited from the same social-class as the patients. The PROSPECTIVE and Retrospective MEMORY Questionnaire (PRMQ), PM tasks, and the Virtual Week Board Game were administered. Moreover, clinical symptoms were rated using the positive and negative symptoms scale. Results: The results showed that in all of the MEMORY types, the group with dominant positive symptoms was superior to the group with dominant negative symptoms. In addition, the results showed that in all of the MEMORY types, the control group had superiority to the schizophrenic group. The most considerable differences between groups were in time-based PM tasks, irregular event-based virtual week tasks, and retrospective tasks (PRMQ). Conclusion: The current study confirmed that schizophrenic patients have severe PM deficits.

There are two approaches for simulating MEMORY as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human MEMORY has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to examine the MEMORY types’ disorders in multiple sclerosis.Method: The research design is causal- comparative method in which two groups (females with multiple sclerosis and healthy females) are compared. For this purpose, 25 MS patients from MS Society of Tabriz and Tehran were selected by convenient sampling in autumn and winter 2014 as the case group, and 25 females with no history of chronic mental and neurological, psychiatric or psychological diseases or disorders, by matching with the case group, among the general population, and they completed the PROSPECTIVE/ retrospective MEMORY questionnaire (PRMQ). Collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).Results: The results indicated that reported MEMORY errors in MS patients were more in comparing with healthy subjects.Conclusion: The findings have many practical implications for MS patients, their families, and especially the therapists of the patients.

Objective Professionals rely on the diagnostic criteria of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) for the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). DSM-5 recognizes three subtypes of ADHD; predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and the combined types. ADHD is widely recognized among the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, and the most frequent reason to refer children to clinics. The research suggested that ADHD children have problems with the executive functions of attention and working MEMORY, compared with their healthy counterparts. ADHD affects all aspect of an individual's life. Unfortunately, the negative learning status experienced by ADHD children is difficult to overcome and is usually long-lasting. The cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY seems to reduce executive function problems of attention and working MEMORY and improve the educational skills of ADHD children. The present research investigated the effect of cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY on the executive functions of attention and working MEMORY in ADHD children in Kermanshah City, Iran. Materials & Methods This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and a control group design. The study participants were 32 female children aged 8-11 years with ADHD from schools. They were selected by convenience sampling method. The subjects were divided into the experimental and control groups, each group consisting of 16 children. The experimental group participated in 18 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY and the control group did not participate in these sessions. The control group members participated in two sessions at the end of research for observing ethical considerations. The applied instruments were the revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R), clinical interview, Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), and Working MEMORY Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C). SCWT and WMTB-C were completed by the researcher for all subjects in pretest and posttest phases. The required data were collected by the questionnaires before and after the training sessions. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used by SPSS for analyzing the obtained data. Results First, the normality of variables and contingency of variance and covariance assumptions were tested. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results indicated that all variables were normal (P>0. 05). Moreover, the Box’ s M test confirmed the contingency of variance-covariance assumption. Therefore, the assumptions of MANCOVA were confirmed and the MANCOVA test could be used for data analysis. The MANCOVA results demonstrated that cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY had a significant effect on the executive functions of attention and working MEMORY in ADHD children (P<0. 0001). The obtained results also revealed that cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY had a significant effect on all subscales of executive functions (correct responses, incorrect responses, no responses, the reaction time of congruent words or reaction time of incongruent words) in these children (P<0. 0001). According to eta squares, 67%, 66%, 60%, 62% and 54%, of variations in components such as correct responses, incorrect responses, no responses, the reaction time of congruent words or reaction time of incongruent words, respectively, could be explained by the subjects’ participation in cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY. In addition, according to eta square, 61% of variations in working MEMORY could be explained by the subjects’ participation in the cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY. Conclusion functions as well as the working MEMORY of ADHD children. It is recommended that planning cognitive rehabilitation program based on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY for ADHD children receives serious attention.

Background and Purpose: Deficits of retrospective MEMORY and PROSPECTIVE MEMORY, which are two primary components of episodic MEMORY, have been reported in prior studies in HIV-infected individuals. The present study aimed to further elucidate the characteristics of PROSPECTIVE and retrospective MEMORY complaints in HIV-infected individuals. Materials and Methods: We recruited 50 HIV-uninfected individuals from the general community, and 67 HIV-infected people who were under the treatment of antiretroviral therapy in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Tehran, Iran in 2016. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to inspect the differences between HIV-infected and seronegative volunteers. Results: The results of ANOVA showed that HIV-infected individuals had more complaints of in long-delayed ProM (p=0. 049), short-delayed RetM (p=0. 016), and long-delayed RetM (p=0. 009) than seronegative volunteers. No difference was observed in the complaints of short-delayed ProM between HIV-infected and the seronegative volunteers (p=0. 921). The results of paired sample ttest also revealed that ProM complaints did not differ with RetM complaints among HIV-infected individuals (p=0. 55), but ProM complaints were more frequent than RetM complaints among seronegative volunteers (p<0. 001). Conclusion: Through understanding the characteristics of ProM/RetM complaints in HIV-infected individuals, we will be able to provide appropriate rehabilitation programs which correctly target their ProM/RetM deficits.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to identify gender and age differences in Time-Based PROSPECTIVE MEMORY (TBPM).Method: With expost facto method, one hundred participants were selected. Fifty participants were over 65 years old (25 males and 25 females) having BA degree and fifty participants were graduate students (25 males and 25 females). The DMDX software was employed to evaluate TBPM. The PROSPECTIVE MEMORY (PM) task of this experiment required participants to click one of two buttons at 5-min intervals while responding to multiple-choice general information questions.Result: Male and younger subjects outperformed the females and old adults during the PM tasks, respectively. A significant interaction between age and gender in PM tasks was noted as male participants demonstrated a poorer performance in PM tasks by age. Females committed more PM errors. Similarly in this group, older subjects had more PM errors.Conclusion: Gender and age variables appear to have significant effect on TBPM function.This might be possibly originated from or directly attributed to other cognition functions. Frontal and temporal lobe functions, IQ and especially the processing speed are expected to have tremendous effects on TBPM. Meanwhile, these functions are significantly influenced by aging. The marginally better working MEMORY, perceptual organization factor and processing speed in men vs. women may partly explain gender differences in TBPM. Further studies are required to investigate the above notion in real-life setting.

Background and Purpose: Children with attention deficits hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a serious deficiency to planning, control of ongoing task and finish their future tasks. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of training time-based and event-based PROSPECTIVE MEMORY strategies on PROSPECTIVE MEMORY performance among ADHD. Method: This experimental research method was ABAB’ s single-subject design. The sample of the study consisted of 3 children aged 7-10 years old with ADHD in the primary school of Qom who were studying in the academic year of 2017-2018. They were selected through purposeful sampling. Each 3 children received 12 individually PROSPECTIVE MEMORY training sessions. The instruments that used in the present study included PROSPECTIVE MEMORY tasks (Kerns, 2000), the Conners comprehensive behavior rating scale– teacher (Conners CBRS– T, 1998) and the Wechsler intelligence scale for children – fourth edition (WISC IV, 2003). For PROSPECTIVE MEMORY training, the intervention program of Waldum, Dufault, Mcdaniel (2014) was adapted and used. To analyze the data visual analysis and cohen's d effect size were used. Results: The results showed that in the time-based tasks, the number of fuel checks and in the event-based tasks, correct recognition number of cues in the treatment and follow-up sessions increased. In event-based tasks, the number of success was high in treatment and follow-up sessions. Th effect size of training PROSPECTIVE MEMORY strategies were between 1. 15-2. 7 which was a high effect size. Conclusion: Training of PROSPECTIVE MEMORY strategies lead to improve monitoring behaviors and correct detection of PROSPECTIVE tasks cues. As a result, prospevtive MEMORY and future tasks performance improve in this children.